Hi Terri. If I understand your question, I would check with the hosting service of your website for instructions on getting content onto your website--as they should have the info you need to connect to your site for file transferring. In most cases, you'll use FTP software (such as the freeware Filezilla) to upload your content. However, each hosting service is different, and may have other tools to use.
Once you've determined how to upload content, you would publish an Articulate course using the "Web" option, and upload the published directory (make sure there's no spaces or odd characters in the name) to your website. From there, you can give customers a link to the "player.html" file or "launcher.html" file (depending on other options you choose).
As for the password protection aspect you're considering, the first thought is to implement a JavaScript approach.
Brian's suggestion of Dropbox would be much easier to implement. But one caveat: some company firewalls (including mine) block Dropbox and similar sites.
Hope that helps a little bit...