Hi Breanne,
You're definitely not alone and the description of how your days/weeks flow is very similar to my own. I work for an ed tech company as the sole ID in my division. I support a team of trainers with materials for onsite customer training as well as develop our online courses. There are other ID divisions across our company, some with 10+ people on the team. Those teams have the work divvied up between curriculum writers, artists, multimedia dev, and the actual development of the course. Lucky :)
Typically the only feedback I get is from the training team and/or my boss. I have meetings with him every other week to discuss the status of current projects, and he's generally available for quick feedback in between. Overall I have a lot of freedom in this role and our meetings are primarily for me to let him know where my roadblocks are so he can help out where possible.
In terms of developing I've found that once I get my LOs and course outline together my design/dev process is fairly free flowing. I've tried to develop in a more linear fashion according to my outline, but have found that I'm more creative when letting it happen organically.
Over the years I've learned that there's no standard ID job description and that it looks different from one company to the next. Heck, in my own company it looks different depending on the division you work in! I love the work I do, but I must say I'm jealous of those working on teams. There are many times I'd love to bounce an idea off another ID who's working on my same project or something similar.
Lucky for us we have the Articulate community as our extended ID team :-)