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An Introduction to the ADDIE Model for Instructional Designers
If you’ve been around e-learning a little while, you’ve probably heard of ADDIE—the most commonly used instructional design model training designers use when crafting learning experiences. The acronym stands for: Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation.
The five phases of the ADDIE model are designed to help guide you (and your team) through the course design process. Essentially, it’s a roadmap for building training that ensures learners meet specific objectives. New designers have a tendency to want to jump directly into development (I totally get it; that’s the fun part!), but it’s important to understand the bigger picture before making that leap. Let’s take a closer look at what each phase of ADDIE entails.
Analyze
According to the ADDIE model, the first thing you should do when you’re handed a new training project is a detailed analysis. What do you need to analyze? Three of the most critical analyses carried out by instructional designers are:
Training Needs Analysis: This should be the first type of analysis you complete because it identifies whether the training is needed at all. This analysis identifies what performance improvements are expected and how they’ll be measured, which is critical in identifying whether training has been successful. Read more: How to Do an E-Learning Needs Analysis.
Audience Analysis: Once you confirm that training is needed, it’s time to analyze your learners. Knowing key demographics and background information about your learners will help you identify the information they need to know and the best way to present it to them. Read more: How to Do an E-Learning Audience Analysis.
Task Analysis: Now that you know what your course is about and who will be taking it, it’s time to take a close look at the specific processes and tasks you’ll be training learners on by breaking them down into step-by-step chunks. Read more: How to Do a Task Analysis Like a Pro.
Once you’ve completed these analyses, you will have a much better idea of the who, what, where, and why of your e-learning. As a next step, it’s a good idea to compile these findings into your first deliverable: a project plan. Read more: How to Plan E-Learning Courses Like a Pro.
Design
With the analyses out of the way, you’re ready to start development, right? Wrong! Don’t skip the first “D”! Starting to develop your course without completing the design phase is like building a house without a blueprint. It makes much more sense to start with a clear plan of how everything in the course will be laid out and how the text, multimedia, and navigation will fit together. The deliverable you create depends on your time, budget, resources, and what you’ve outlined in your project plan. Typically, one of two deliverables comes out of the design phase:
Storyboard: This document lays out the elements of the course that will appear on each slide. This may include text, imagery, and narration script. Deciding what to include in a storyboard depends on the project. For example, if your project includes audio narration, you’ll need to include a script with your storyboard. If you’re building a storyboard that you’ll hand off to a developer, you’ll need to add detailed notes for them. Read more: Storyboards for E-Learning: What to Include?
Prototype: This typically includes sample slides to test and identify whether specific features or concepts work. The prototype lets a stakeholder get a feel for how the course will look and function before developing the entire course and all of its features. Read more: E-Learning: Storyboard vs. Prototype.
Once you’ve got your blueprint for your course, you’re ready to jump into the fun part: development!
Develop
This is the phase where you (finally!) get to build out your e-learning content in an authoring app. The development part of the ADDIE process typically contains two sub-tasks:
Content Creation: In this phase, you choose and add the final graphics, multimedia, colors, and fonts to make your course look polished and professional. You’ll also use your authoring app to build out activities, quizzes, interactions, and functional navigation to create an engaging course. Read more: The Basics of E-Learning Course Creation Apps.
Testing: Once you’ve created your content, you need to test it. Things that need to be tested and reviewed include spelling, grammar, learning objectives, navigation, and flow. Testing is typically done during the development process instead of after, so the developer can make changes as testers identify problem areas. Read more: Top 4 Tips for E-Learning Quality Assurance (QA) Testing.
Implement
Once your course is fully developed and thoroughly tested, you’re ready to share it with your learners. Not sure how to do that? Check out this article to find out more about your options: How to Share E-Learning Courses with Learners.
Evaluate
When you progress to the evaluation phase, you need to go back to the very first phase of the ADDIE process, in which you (hopefully!) completed a training needs analysis. During that phase, you identified specific performance improvements that your training would address, as well as how to measure those improvements.
The evaluation phase is where the rubber meets the road: Did your training result in the real, measurable performance improvements you identified in your needs analysis? While the learners’ opinions and feedback about the e-learning matter, it’s critical to ensure your training achieved the goals you set at the start. Want to learn more? Check out these articles:
And there you have it! Those are the five phases of the ADDIE model. Having a solid foundation of each phase will ensure you end up with a high-quality course that meets the needs of your learners.
Interested in learning about other instructional design models? Here are a few related articles:
Follow us on Twitter and come back to E-Learning Heroes regularly for more helpful advice on everything related to e-learning. If you have any questions, please share them in the comments.
This is a terrific article. I love it as a primer for trainers and new IDs. I plan to share. Please fix the typo in Analysis "Training Needs Analysis". (It's driving the editor in me crazy!)
Great post Nicole, I think ADDIE is a great model for the 1960s and Military Instruction. It's easy to follow but, it has been revised 3 or 4 times already and I challenge its schema in a world where information changes rapidly. Hence the iterations of "PADDIE" the "P" is for Project or MADDIE\Management. It remains as good guidance because it all makes sense. I like your article David, perhaps we need a new model by mixing Agile with Scrum LOL
I'm all about "stealing" from foreign concepts to improve our current practice. SCRUM simplifies the project management portion of development and prevents Scope Creep because you maintain daily rapport with stakeholders. Check this site out which gives you a brief overview of the process. https://www.scrumalliance.org/why-scrum
i prefer the Successive Approximation Model that is described in Micheal Allen's "Guide to eLearning." The way it is described, it seems more fluid than ADDIE as long as you have the people you work with buy into the method.
I like what Michael Allen does in terms of eLearning courses. Allen Interactions develops some cool Flash based and HTML5 courses. However, I just don't know that SAM is a replacement for ADDIE. Dr. Allen is borrowing the concept from B.F. Skinner to established the Successive Approximation Model (SAM) by training rats with conditional behavior tactics. I read the SAM book and didn't found any research evidence substantiating its effectiveness. ADDIE has been corroborated in various studies as a viable process, the problem is most folks in the industry don't really know how to apply it for their needs and thus given it a bad rap. Pretty much the same thing that happened to PowerPoint as a presentation software LOL.
I think that SAM is a very direct way to get the Stakeholders, SME's and developers on the same page. Everyone is basically notified that while the project is in development, their timely feedback is important to creating the best module, with the least amount of setbacks, almost like creating constantly evolving design period for the entire project.
Working on the entire project (SAM) in a program like Articulate, instead of a module at a time (ADDIE), is way more efficient, because changes can be made almost instantaneously. It seems to give the Stakeholders and SMEs more of a sense of ownership in the project, too, urging them to be more responsive and vocal on the things that matter without having the financial burden of the setback.
(By the way, I agree about the bad wrap PowerPoint is given. People blame the tool instead of the material in my mind.)
This is the best intro to ADDIE I have ever read! In fact, I just discussed ADDIE with a new Instructional Designer at my company and used a lot of the same verbiage and examples. Well done! I did add some commentary to my discussion so that we discussed SAM. I explained that, I personally work hard to keep my clients in a constant feedback loop and I will repeat A-D-D phases like iterations until I am ready for I-E phases. As a final comment; I would like to agree about Power Point having a bad wrap. It IS about the talent of the designer and not the price of the tools.
Under Develop > Testing you could also add Accessibility (Section 508) testing. This is required by many projects. This is a big area that can eat up a ton of time and resources if not planned for and implemented correctly.
Great point, Mike. And you mention planning for it. That means it's not only something to consider under development and testing but even during design. In fact, if you have government customers, it can even be part of requirements analysis.
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\n
If you’ve been around e-learning a little while, you’ve probably heard of ADDIE—the most commonly used instructional design model training designers use when crafting learning experiences. The acronym stands for: Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation.
\n
The five phases of the ADDIE model are designed to help guide you (and your team) through the course design process. Essentially, it’s a roadmap for building training that ensures learners meet specific objectives. New designers have a tendency to want to jump directly into development (I totally get it; that’s the fun part!), but it’s important to understand the bigger picture before making that leap. Let’s take a closer look at what each phase of ADDIE entails.
\n
Analyze
\n
According to the ADDIE model, the first thing you should do when you’re handed a new training project is a detailed analysis. What do you need to analyze? Three of the most critical analyses carried out by instructional designers are:
\n
\n
Training Needs Analysis: This should be the first type of analysis you complete because it identifies whether the training is needed at all. This analysis identifies what performance improvements are expected and how they’ll be measured, which is critical in identifying whether training has been successful. Read more: How to Do an E-Learning Needs Analysis.
\n
Audience Analysis: Once you confirm that training is needed, it’s time to analyze your learners. Knowing key demographics and background information about your learners will help you identify the information they need to know and the best way to present it to them. Read more: How to Do an E-Learning Audience Analysis.
\n
Task Analysis: Now that you know what your course is about and who will be taking it, it’s time to take a close look at the specific processes and tasks you’ll be training learners on by breaking them down into step-by-step chunks. Read more: How to Do a Task Analysis Like a Pro.
\n
\n
Once you’ve completed these analyses, you will have a much better idea of the who, what, where, and why of your e-learning. As a next step, it’s a good idea to compile these findings into your first deliverable: a project plan. Read more: How to Plan E-Learning Courses Like a Pro.
\n
Design
\n
With the analyses out of the way, you’re ready to start development, right? Wrong! Don’t skip the first “D”! Starting to develop your course without completing the design phase is like building a house without a blueprint. It makes much more sense to start with a clear plan of how everything in the course will be laid out and how the text, multimedia, and navigation will fit together. The deliverable you create depends on your time, budget, resources, and what you’ve outlined in your project plan. Typically, one of two deliverables comes out of the design phase:
\n
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Storyboard: This document lays out the elements of the course that will appear on each slide. This may include text, imagery, and narration script. Deciding what to include in a storyboard depends on the project. For example, if your project includes audio narration, you’ll need to include a script with your storyboard. If you’re building a storyboard that you’ll hand off to a developer, you’ll need to add detailed notes for them. Read more: Storyboards for E-Learning: What to Include?
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Prototype: This typically includes sample slides to test and identify whether specific features or concepts work. The prototype lets a stakeholder get a feel for how the course will look and function before developing the entire course and all of its features. Read more: E-Learning: Storyboard vs. Prototype.
\n
\n
Once you’ve got your blueprint for your course, you’re ready to jump into the fun part: development!
\n
Develop
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This is the phase where you (finally!) get to build out your e-learning content in an authoring app. The development part of the ADDIE process typically contains two sub-tasks:
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\n
Content Creation: In this phase, you choose and add the final graphics, multimedia, colors, and fonts to make your course look polished and professional. You’ll also use your authoring app to build out activities, quizzes, interactions, and functional navigation to create an engaging course. Read more: The Basics of E-Learning Course Creation Apps.
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Testing: Once you’ve created your content, you need to test it. Things that need to be tested and reviewed include spelling, grammar, learning objectives, navigation, and flow. Testing is typically done during the development process instead of after, so the developer can make changes as testers identify problem areas. Read more: Top 4 Tips for E-Learning Quality Assurance (QA) Testing.
\n
\n
Implement
\n
Once your course is fully developed and thoroughly tested, you’re ready to share it with your learners. Not sure how to do that? Check out this article to find out more about your options: How to Share E-Learning Courses with Learners.
\n
Evaluate
\n
When you progress to the evaluation phase, you need to go back to the very first phase of the ADDIE process, in which you (hopefully!) completed a training needs analysis. During that phase, you identified specific performance improvements that your training would address, as well as how to measure those improvements.
\n
The evaluation phase is where the rubber meets the road: Did your training result in the real, measurable performance improvements you identified in your needs analysis? While the learners’ opinions and feedback about the e-learning matter, it’s critical to ensure your training achieved the goals you set at the start. Want to learn more? Check out these articles:
And there you have it! Those are the five phases of the ADDIE model. Having a solid foundation of each phase will ensure you end up with a high-quality course that meets the needs of your learners.
\n
Interested in learning about other instructional design models? Here are a few related articles:
Follow us on Twitter and come back to E-Learning Heroes regularly for more helpful advice on everything related to e-learning. If you have any questions, please share them in the comments.
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\n
If you’ve been around e-learning a little while, you’ve probably heard of ADDIE—the most commonly used instructional design model training designers use when crafting learning experiences. The acronym stands for: Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation.
\n
The five phases of the ADDIE model are designed to help guide you (and your team) through the course design process. Essentially, it’s a roadmap for building training that ensures learners meet specific objectives. New designers have a tendency to want to jump directly into development (I totally get it; that’s the fun part!), but it’s important to understand the bigger picture before making that leap. Let’s take a closer look at what each phase of ADDIE entails.
\n
Analyze
\n
According to the ADDIE model, the first thing you should do when you’re handed a new training project is a detailed analysis. What do you need to analyze? Three of the most critical analyses carried out by instructional designers are:
\n
\n
Training Needs Analysis: This should be the first type of analysis you complete because it identifies whether the training is needed at all. This analysis identifies what performance improvements are expected and how they’ll be measured, which is critical in identifying whether training has been successful. Read more: How to Do an E-Learning Needs Analysis.
\n
Audience Analysis: Once you confirm that training is needed, it’s time to analyze your learners. Knowing key demographics and background information about your learners will help you identify the information they need to know and the best way to present it to them. Read more: How to Do an E-Learning Audience Analysis.
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Task Analysis: Now that you know what your course is about and who will be taking it, it’s time to take a close look at the specific processes and tasks you’ll be training learners on by breaking them down into step-by-step chunks. Read more: How to Do a Task Analysis Like a Pro.
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Once you’ve completed these analyses, you will have a much better idea of the who, what, where, and why of your e-learning. As a next step, it’s a good idea to compile these findings into your first deliverable: a project plan. Read more: How to Plan E-Learning Courses Like a Pro.
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Design
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With the analyses out of the way, you’re ready to start development, right? Wrong! Don’t skip the first “D”! Starting to develop your course without completing the design phase is like building a house without a blueprint. It makes much more sense to start with a clear plan of how everything in the course will be laid out and how the text, multimedia, and navigation will fit together. The deliverable you create depends on your time, budget, resources, and what you’ve outlined in your project plan. Typically, one of two deliverables comes out of the design phase:
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Storyboard: This document lays out the elements of the course that will appear on each slide. This may include text, imagery, and narration script. Deciding what to include in a storyboard depends on the project. For example, if your project includes audio narration, you’ll need to include a script with your storyboard. If you’re building a storyboard that you’ll hand off to a developer, you’ll need to add detailed notes for them. Read more: Storyboards for E-Learning: What to Include?
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Prototype: This typically includes sample slides to test and identify whether specific features or concepts work. The prototype lets a stakeholder get a feel for how the course will look and function before developing the entire course and all of its features. Read more: E-Learning: Storyboard vs. Prototype.
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Once you’ve got your blueprint for your course, you’re ready to jump into the fun part: development!
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Develop
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This is the phase where you (finally!) get to build out your e-learning content in an authoring app. The development part of the ADDIE process typically contains two sub-tasks:
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Content Creation: In this phase, you choose and add the final graphics, multimedia, colors, and fonts to make your course look polished and professional. You’ll also use your authoring app to build out activities, quizzes, interactions, and functional navigation to create an engaging course. Read more: The Basics of E-Learning Course Creation Apps.
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Testing: Once you’ve created your content, you need to test it. Things that need to be tested and reviewed include spelling, grammar, learning objectives, navigation, and flow. Testing is typically done during the development process instead of after, so the developer can make changes as testers identify problem areas. Read more: Top 4 Tips for E-Learning Quality Assurance (QA) Testing.
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Implement
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Once your course is fully developed and thoroughly tested, you’re ready to share it with your learners. Not sure how to do that? Check out this article to find out more about your options: How to Share E-Learning Courses with Learners.
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Evaluate
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When you progress to the evaluation phase, you need to go back to the very first phase of the ADDIE process, in which you (hopefully!) completed a training needs analysis. During that phase, you identified specific performance improvements that your training would address, as well as how to measure those improvements.
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The evaluation phase is where the rubber meets the road: Did your training result in the real, measurable performance improvements you identified in your needs analysis? While the learners’ opinions and feedback about the e-learning matter, it’s critical to ensure your training achieved the goals you set at the start. Want to learn more? Check out these articles:
And there you have it! Those are the five phases of the ADDIE model. Having a solid foundation of each phase will ensure you end up with a high-quality course that meets the needs of your learners.
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Interested in learning about other instructional design models? Here are a few related articles:
Follow us on Twitter and come back to E-Learning Heroes regularly for more helpful advice on everything related to e-learning. If you have any questions, please share them in the comments.
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Here are some pros & cons of using ADDIE for project management...
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This is a terrific article. I love it as a primer for trainers and new IDs. I plan to share. Please fix the typo in Analysis \"Training Needs Analysis\". (It's driving the editor in me crazy!)
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Thanks for the comment, Melinda! And also for pointing out the typo... fixed! (That kind of thing drives me crazy, too!)
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Great post Nicole, I think ADDIE is a great model for the 1960s and Military Instruction. It's easy to follow but, it has been revised 3 or 4 times already and I challenge its schema in a world where information changes rapidly. Hence the iterations of \"PADDIE\" the \"P\" is for Project or MADDIE\\Management. It remains as good guidance because it all makes sense. I like your article David, perhaps we need a new model by mixing Agile with Scrum LOL
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Thanks for the comment, Alexander! Just curious to know more about your thoughts and what you think the Scrum model offers? :)
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Hi Nicole,
I'm all about \"stealing\" from foreign concepts to improve our current practice. SCRUM simplifies the project management portion of development and prevents Scope Creep because you maintain daily rapport with stakeholders. Check this site out which gives you a brief overview of the process. https://www.scrumalliance.org/why-scrum
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i prefer the Successive Approximation Model that is described in Micheal Allen's \"Guide to eLearning.\" The way it is described, it seems more fluid than ADDIE as long as you have the people you work with buy into the method.
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Thanks for sharing your input, Terry!
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Terry,
I like what Michael Allen does in terms of eLearning courses. Allen Interactions develops some cool Flash based and HTML5 courses. However, I just don't know that SAM is a replacement for ADDIE. Dr. Allen is borrowing the concept from B.F. Skinner to established the Successive Approximation Model (SAM) by training rats with conditional behavior tactics. I read the SAM book and didn't found any research evidence substantiating its effectiveness. ADDIE has been corroborated in various studies as a viable process, the problem is most folks in the industry don't really know how to apply it for their needs and thus given it a bad rap. Pretty much the same thing that happened to PowerPoint as a presentation software LOL.
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I think that SAM is a very direct way to get the Stakeholders, SME's and developers on the same page. Everyone is basically notified that while the project is in development, their timely feedback is important to creating the best module, with the least amount of setbacks, almost like creating constantly evolving design period for the entire project.
Working on the entire project (SAM) in a program like Articulate, instead of a module at a time (ADDIE), is way more efficient, because changes can be made almost instantaneously. It seems to give the Stakeholders and SMEs more of a sense of ownership in the project, too, urging them to be more responsive and vocal on the things that matter without having the financial burden of the setback.
(By the way, I agree about the bad wrap PowerPoint is given. People blame the tool instead of the material in my mind.)
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What are your thoughts about where and how the Agile Method plays into all of this?
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This is the best intro to ADDIE I have ever read! In fact, I just discussed ADDIE with a new Instructional Designer at my company and used a lot of the same verbiage and examples. Well done! I did add some commentary to my discussion so that we discussed SAM. I explained that, I personally work hard to keep my clients in a constant feedback loop and I will repeat A-D-D phases like iterations until I am ready for I-E phases. As a final comment; I would like to agree about Power Point having a bad wrap. It IS about the talent of the designer and not the price of the tools.
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Great points, Angie. I really like your point that if you have a good, solid instructional designer, it doesn't really matter what tools you're using.
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Under Develop > Testing you could also add Accessibility (Section 508) testing. This is required by many projects. This is a big area that can eat up a ton of time and resources if not planned for and implemented correctly.
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Great point, Mike. And you mention planning for it. That means it's not only something to consider under development and testing but even during design. In fact, if you have government customers, it can even be part of requirements analysis.
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