Quiz Progress Shown on every slide (File Attached)

Triggers run in order. When a trigger on the master has the same "when" as a trigger on a slide (for example, "when the user clicks Submit"), the trigger on the master runs first. So, in the file, the trigger to change the state of the master button runs before the trigger that adjusts the variable if the user answers correctly. 

The fix for this is simple: change the trigger on the master so it runs when the variable changes: 

However, that's not the only change needed. When a trigger changes the state of an object on the master, that change only applies to the slide the user is currently on. The object will appear in its initial state when the user moves to another slide. 

Thus, the master also needs triggers to change the state when the timeline starts, using the same condition:

This is done for the first oval in the attached file. FYI: I increased the transparency of the background for the question feedback layers, so it's easier to see the state change.

Other things to consider:

• You have the ovals on the Master Slide layout. That puts them on all the slides. They can't be removed from the non-question layouts. You'd have to cover them up somehow. So I suggest you add the ovals only to the Question layout. 
• You have triggers on the ovals that jump to the associated question. Consider whether you really want the user to be able to skip around the questions.
• Also, the ovals have a Selected state, and an oval will automatically change to that state when it is clicked. That could be confusing, because it will be in that state if the user returns to the question they were on when they clicked the button.
• You have the Attempts field  set to Unlimited. That means the user will never never see the Incorrect layer. They will see the Try Again layer when they answer incorrectly, and they can't proceed until they answer correctly. In that case, consider whether it's worth the programming effort to show the progress.